Public Policy – Iverson Software Co.

The 2025 Audit: Public Policy and Administration Year-End Wrap-Up

As we close the final chapter of 2025 on iversonsoftware.com, we look back at a year that functioned less like a routine update and more like a total System Refactoring of the public sector. From the halls of Washington to local municipalities, Public Policy and Administration in 2025 was defined by a shift toward radical efficiency, digital sovereignty, and the dismantling of legacy bureaucratic structures.

At Iverson Software, we track the protocols of power. This year, the “Social Operating System” underwent a series of high-stakes deployments. As a new administration took the helm in the U.S. and global alliances shifted toward a multipolar architecture, public administrators were tasked with maintaining service delivery amidst a climate of unprecedented regulatory change.

1. Administrative Modernization: The “Unified API” Era

One of the biggest technical wins of 2025 was the long-awaited modernization of the IRS. After decades of “spaghetti code” and fragmented databases, the Unified API Layer project finally launched, streamlining compliance and enabling the agency to cut $2 billion in wasteful IT contracts.

GovTech Maturity: Governments moved beyond simple digitization to Proactive Service Design. Instead of citizens searching for benefits, systems now use “Integrated Eligibility” protocols to push services to users based on real-time data life-events.
AI Integration: Generative AI is no longer a pilot program; it is the “Front-end” for public inquiries. AI-driven agents now handle thousands of routine tasks, from benefits eligibility checks to license renewals, allowing human administrators to focus on high-complexity “Edge Cases.”

2. Policy Disruption: The “Zero-Based” Regulatory Shift

2025 saw a massive overhaul of federal policy through a series of “Executive Patches” (Executive Orders) that significantly altered the administrative landscape:

The Efficiency Mandate: A new focus on “Government Efficiency” led to the dismantling of DEI (Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion) offices across the federal workforce, with the administration citing a need to reduce “System Overhead.”
Tariff Protocols: The “Kuala Lumpur Joint Arrangement” and reciprocal tariffs on Mexico and China redefined trade as a security protocol, creating a “Firewall” around domestic manufacturing but introducing significant “Latencies” (inflationary pressures) in the consumer market.
Immigration Hardening: Enhanced enforcement and the termination of programs like DACA represented a major “Permission Reset” for the national border, impacting workforce availability in key sectors like agriculture and tech.

3. Operational Realities: The “Silver Tsunami” and Talent Gaps

While the tech was updated, the “Human Hardware” faced a critical shortage.

The Workforce Gap: The public sector continues to struggle with the “Silver Tsunami”—the mass retirement of long-serving experts. Recruitment has become a competitive “Bidding War,” with agencies struggling to match private-sector salaries.
Connected Compliance: To handle the increased regulatory speed, compliance teams have adopted “Intelligence-led” models. These systems use AI to scan for fraud and improper payments in real-time, preventing billions in “System Leakage” before checks are even cut.

4. Global Interoperability: The BRICS+ Network

Beyond U.S. borders, 2025 marked the formal expansion of the BRICS+ alliance. This shift created a “Parallel Global Network,” challenging the dominance of Western financial protocols. Public administrators now have to navigate “Multi-source Data Ecosystems” where different regions operate under vastly different legal and semantic standards.

Looking Ahead to 2026: The Resilient State

As we enter 2026, the theme is Resilience. The goal is no longer just “Efficiency,” but “Interoperability”—ensuring that local, state, and federal systems can talk to each other while remaining secure against expanding cybersecurity threats. At Iverson Software, we will continue to provide the “Reference Documentation” you need to navigate these shifting structures.

The Comparative Logic: Navigating Global Systems

For our latest entry on iversonsoftware.com, we step away from the specific “source code” of American politics to examine the entire “Global Repository”: Comparative Politics. If political science is the study of power, comparative politics is the methodology of A/B Testing the world’s governments to see which architectures perform best under different environmental conditions.

At Iverson Software, we know that no single program works for every user. In the same way, no single political system works for every nation. Comparative Politics is the branch of political science that systematically analyzes the differences and similarities between countries. It moves beyond just “knowing facts” to finding the underlying patterns that explain why some states thrive, some fail, and some transition from one regime type to another.

1. The Comparative Method: The Social Science Debugger

How do we know if a specific policy (like a universal basic income or a carbon tax) actually works? We use the Comparative Method.

Method of Agreement: We look at very different countries that share one common outcome (e.g., high economic growth) to find the single shared variable that might be the cause.
Method of Difference: We look at very similar countries that have different outcomes to isolate the one variable that changed.
The Goal: To move from “Correlation” to “Causation,” helping us understand the “System Requirements” for stable governance.

2. Regime Types: The Environments of Power

In our “Systems Architecture,” the Regime is the overarching environment in which politics happens. In 2025, we categorize these into three primary “Builds”:

Liberal Democracies: Systems with high “User Permissions” (civil liberties), regular elections, and a strong Rule of Law.
Authoritarian Regimes: Systems where power is centralized in a single “Administrator” or party, with restricted user access to the decision-making process.
Hybrid Regimes: The “Beta Versions” of governance. These systems may have elections (the UI of democracy), but they lack the underlying “Background Processes” of a free press or an independent judiciary.

[Image comparing presidential and parliamentary systems of government]

3. 2025 Trends: The Great Fragmentation

As we close out 2025, the comparative landscape has shifted significantly. Modern political scientists are currently tracking three major “Systemic Updates”:

The Populist Surge: Across Europe and Latin America, traditional “Centrist” parties are losing market share to populist movements that promise to “reboot” the system. We are seeing a global rise in anti-establishment sentiment driven by economic inequality.
The Return of Coalitions: In countries like India and Germany, the 2024-2025 election cycles have forced dominant parties to govern through complex coalitions. This moves the system from a “Single-Process” model to a “Distributed Power” model.
Digital Sovereignty vs. Globalism: Comparative politics is now analyzing how different states “firewall” their digital borders. While the EU focuses on security and regulation, emerging powers in the BRICS+ block are building alternative financial and data architectures.

4. Case Studies: Testing the Hardware

To understand the theory, we look at the “Case Studies”—the specific implementations of power:

The UK vs. The US: Comparing the Parliamentary system (where the executive is part of the legislature) to the Presidential system (where they are separate).
The Chinese Model: Analyzing how a system can achieve high economic “Throughput” while maintaining an authoritarian “Permission Structure.”
The Nordic Model: Evaluating how high-tax, high-service “Social Democracies” maintain high levels of user satisfaction and social stability.

Why Comparative Politics Matters Today

Policy Benchmarking: By looking at what other “Users” are doing, we can import successful “Modules” (like successful healthcare or education systems) into our own domestic frameworks.
Risk Assessment: For global businesses, comparative politics provides the “Threat Analysis” needed to understand which regions are stable and which are prone to “System Crashes” (revolutions or coups).
Intellectual Empathy: Understanding why a country chose a parliamentary system over a presidential one helps us realize that our own “Default Settings” aren’t the only way to run a society.

The Federal Stack: Navigating American Politics

For our latest entry on iversonsoftware.com, we analyze the “Legacy Code” and modern “System Updates” of the American Political System. Navigating the U.S. political landscape in 2025 requires more than just understanding the news cycle; it requires a deep dive into the foundational architecture of the Constitution and how it is being adapted to a digital, highly polarized era.

At Iverson Software, we appreciate systems designed with “Separation of Concerns.” The American political system was built on this exact principle. Known as Federalism, it divides power between a central “Operating System” (the Federal Government) and 50 individual “Sub-systems” (the States), each with its own specific configurations and local permissions.

1. The Three Branches: System Redundancy

To prevent any single “process” from taking over the entire system, the U.S. utilizes a Tripartite Architecture:

- The Legislative (Congress): The “Code Authors.” They write the laws and manage the budget. Composed of the House and the Senate, this branch represents both the population and the states.
- The Executive (The President): The “Runtime Environment.” This branch executes and enforces the laws, manages the bureaucracy, and serves as the Commander-in-Chief.
- The Judicial (The Supreme Court): The “Debuggers.” They interpret the laws and ensure they are “Compiled” correctly according to the Constitution.

Shutterstock

2. The Two-Party Protocol

Unlike many multi-party systems in Europe, the U.S. primarily operates on a Two-Party System. This is a result of the “First-Past-The-Post” electoral logic, where the candidate with the most votes in a district wins everything, often marginalizing third-party “plug-ins.”

The Polarization Bug: In 2025, the gap between the two major parties has widened, leading to “Gridlock”—a state where the Legislative branch is unable to pass major updates, often forcing the Executive branch to rely on “Executive Orders” to bypass the stalemate.

3. The Electoral College: The Distribution Algorithm

One of the most debated “Legacy Features” of American politics is the Electoral College.

The Logic: Instead of a direct popular vote, the President is elected through a weighted system where each state is assigned “Electors” based on its total Congressional representation.
The Goal: Originally designed to balance the power between high-population and low-population states, it remains a central point of contention in modern political science debates regarding the “Equality of the Vote.”

4. 2025 Trends: The Digital Town Square

The “Front-end” of American politics has moved almost entirely online.

Social Media and Campaigning: Political “Marketing” is now a high-stakes data science operation. Candidates use micro-targeting algorithms to reach specific voter segments with personalized messaging.
The Rise of Independent Media: We are seeing a “Decentralization” of the news. Trust in legacy “Mainstream” outlets has fragmented, leading many citizens to get their political “Data Feeds” from independent podcasts, Substack newsletters, and social media influencers.

Why American Politics Matters to Our Readers

Regulatory Environment: For those in tech and business, the American political landscape dictates the “Compliance Rules”—from antitrust laws to AI safety regulations and data privacy standards.
Systemic Thinking: Analyzing the U.S. government provides a masterclass in “Checks and Balances,” teaching us how to build robust organizations that can survive internal conflict and external pressure.
Global Impact: As the world’s largest economy, the “Internal Settings” of the U.S.—such as interest rates set by the Federal Reserve or trade policies—act as “Global Variables” that affect every market on Earth.

Ethics in the Field: Navigating Applied Ethics

For the next installment in our philosophical series on iversonsoftware.com, we transition from theory to practice with Applied Ethics. While Normative Ethics provides the “Operating System,” Applied Ethics is the “User Interface”—it’s where high-level moral principles meet the messy, real-world complications of business, technology, and life.

At Iverson Software, we know that code is only useful when it runs in a production environment. Similarly, ethical theories are only useful when they help us solve specific dilemmas. Applied Ethics is the branch of philosophy that takes normative frameworks (like Utilitarianism or Deontology) and applies them to controversial, real-world issues. It is the “troubleshooting guide” for the most difficult questions of our time.

1. The Multi-Domain Architecture

Applied Ethics isn’t a single field; it’s a collection of “Specialized Modules” tailored to different industries. Every professional environment has its own unique “Edge Cases”:

Bioethics: Dealing with the “hardware” of life itself—gene editing (CRISPR), end-of-life care, and the ethical distribution of limited medical resources.
Business Ethics: Managing the “Social Contract” of the marketplace—fair trade, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and the balance between profit and labor rights.
Environmental Ethics: Governing our relationship with the “Natural Infrastructure”—sustainable development, climate change mitigation, and our duties to non-human species.

2. The Rise of Computer and AI Ethics

In 2025, the most rapidly evolving module is Digital Ethics. As software begins to make autonomous decisions, we are forced to hard-code our values into the system:

Algorithmic Bias: If an AI “inherits” the biases of its training data, it creates a systemic injustice. Applied ethics asks: How do we audit and “sanitize” these models?
Data Privacy: Is data a “Commodity” (to be traded) or a “Human Right” (to be protected)? This debate determines the architecture of every app we build.
Automation: As robots replace human labor, what is the “Social SLA” for supporting those displaced by technology?

3. Casuistry: Case-Based Reasoning

One of the most effective tools in applied ethics is Casuistry. Instead of starting with a rigid rule, casuistry looks at “Paradigmatic Cases”—historical examples where a clear ethical consensus was reached.

The Workflow: When faced with a new problem (e.g., “Should we ban deepfakes?”), we look for the closest “precedent” (e.g., laws against libel or forgery) and determine how the new case is similar or different.
The Benefit: This allows for a flexible, “Agile” approach to ethics that can adapt to new technologies faster than rigid, top-down laws can.

4. The Four Pillars of Applied Ethics

In many fields, particularly healthcare and tech, professionals use a “Principlism” framework to navigate dilemmas. Think of these as the Core APIs of ethical behavior:

Autonomy: Respecting the user’s right to make their own choices (Informed Consent).
Beneficence: Acting in the best interest of the user/client.
Non-Maleficence: The “First, do no harm” directive.
Justice: Ensuring the benefits and burdens of a project are distributed fairly.

Why Applied Ethics Matters to Our Readers

Risk Mitigation: Identifying ethical “vulnerabilities” in a project before launch can save a company from massive legal liabilities and brand damage.
Building User Trust: In an era of skepticism, transparency about your ethical “Code of Conduct” is a major competitive advantage.
Meaningful Innovation: Applied ethics ensures that we aren’t just building things because we can, but because they actually improve the human condition.

The Social Protocol: Understanding Political Philosophy

At Iverson Software, we understand that every system requires governance to prevent conflict and ensure resources are allocated fairly. Political Philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about the state, government, politics, liberty, justice, and the enforcement of a legal code by authority. It asks: By what right does one person rule another? and What is the ideal balance between individual freedom and collective security?

1. The Social Contract: The User Agreement of Society

One of the most influential concepts in political philosophy is the Social Contract. This theory suggests that individuals have consented, either explicitly or tacitly, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of a ruler (or the decision of a majority) in exchange for protection of their remaining rights.

Thomas Hobbes: Argued that life without a strong central authority would be “nasty, brutish, and short,” requiring a powerful “Leviathan” to maintain order.
John Locke: Believed the state’s only purpose is to protect “life, liberty, and property.” If a government fails to do this, the “users” have the right to revolt—a concept that famously influenced the U.S. Declaration of Independence.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Focused on the “General Will,” suggesting that true authority comes from the collective voice of the people.

2. Distributive Justice: How Resources are Allocated

In any system, resource management is key. Political philosophy examines how wealth, opportunities, and rights should be distributed.

Libertarianism: Prioritizes individual liberty and private property, arguing for minimal government intervention (the “decentralized” approach).
Utilitarianism: Argues that policies should be designed to achieve the greatest happiness for the greatest number (optimizing for the “majority user base”).
Rawls’ Theory of Justice: Introduced the “Veil of Ignorance.” He argued that we should design a society as if we didn’t know what our own status would be (rich, poor, healthy, or sick). This ensures the system is fair even for the most vulnerable “end users.”

3. Authority and Legitimacy: The “Admin” Rights

Political philosophy questions the source of power. Why do we obey the law?

Traditional Authority: Power based on long-standing customs (e.g., monarchies).
Charismatic Authority: Power based on the exceptional personal qualities of a leader.
Legal-Rational Authority: Power based on a system of well-defined laws and procedures. In the modern world, this is the “system architecture” that ensures no single individual is above the law.

4. Political Philosophy in the Digital Age

In 2025, political philosophy has found a new frontier: the internet. We are now grappling with digital versions of ancient questions:

Digital Sovereignty: Who owns your data—you, the corporation, or the state?
Algorithmic Governance: If an AI makes a political or legal decision, is it legitimate?
Online Liberty: How do we balance free speech with the need to prevent the spread of harmful misinformation?

Why Political Philosophy Matters to Our Readers

Civic Literacy: Understanding the “code” of your government allows you to be a more effective and engaged citizen.
Ethical Leadership: If you are building a community, an app, or a company, political philosophy helps you create fair rules and governance structures.
Global Perspective: By studying different political systems, we learn how to collaborate across cultural and legal boundaries in our interconnected world.