Platonic realism

Platonic realism, also known as Platonic ontology, is a philosophical theory associated with the ancient Greek philosopher Plato (c. 428/427 BCE – c. 348/347 BCE). It is a form of metaphysical realism that posits the existence of abstract entities called Forms or Ideas, which are considered to be the ultimate reality and the true source of the things we perceive in the physical world.

Key features and characteristics of Platonic realism include:

1. Theory of Forms: At the core of Platonic realism is the theory of Forms, which asserts that there are non-material, abstract entities that exist independently of the physical world. These Forms are perfect, immutable, and eternal, and they represent the pure and essential characteristics or properties of the things we encounter in the sensible world.
2. Universals and Particulars: Plato believed that the physical objects and phenomena we encounter in the world are mere imperfect copies or manifestations of the Forms. For example, there is a Form of a perfect circle that exists in the intelligible realm, and every circle we encounter in the physical world is an imperfect instantiation of that ideal Form.
3. Transcendence and Unchanging Nature: The Forms are considered transcendent because they exist beyond the physical world and are not bound by space and time. They are also unchanging, unlike the constantly changing and perishable things we perceive in the sensible world.
4. Epistemological Foundation: According to Platonic realism, true knowledge (episteme) is knowledge of the Forms. The physical world, with its changing and imperfect objects, can only provide opinion (doxa) or belief. Knowledge is attained through the intellect or reason, as the soul apprehends the eternal truths of the Forms.
5. Relation to Epistemology and Ethics: Platonic realism has implications for epistemology, as it provides a basis for understanding the nature of knowledge and the distinction between true knowledge and mere belief. It also has ethical implications, as Plato believed that the pursuit of knowledge of the Forms, particularly the Form of the Good, leads to moral virtue and the highest human fulfillment.
6. Influence on Western Thought: Platonic realism has had a profound and enduring influence on Western philosophy and has shaped subsequent discussions about the nature of reality, universals and particulars, the problem of universals, and the nature of knowledge and truth.

Platonic realism has been a subject of both admiration and criticism throughout the history of philosophy. While some philosophers have embraced the idea of abstract entities as the foundation of reality, others have questioned the existence and nature of such entities. Nonetheless, the theory of Forms remains a significant and influential concept in the history of Western thought.