Mohism

Mohism is an ancient Chinese philosophical and ethical school that emerged during the Warring States period (5th to 3rd centuries BCE). It was founded by the Chinese philosopher Mozi (also known as Mo Tzu or Mo Di), who sought to address the social and political turmoil of his time through a philosophy of universal love, utilitarian ethics, and practical social reform.

Key principles and characteristics of Mohism include:

1. Universal Love (Jian’ai): At the core of Mohism is the principle of universal love or impartial caring (jian’ai). Mozi believed that love should extend to all people, and individuals should treat others with kindness, fairness, and benevolence, regardless of their social status, nationality, or affiliation. He criticized the hierarchical and discriminatory attitudes prevalent in ancient Chinese society.
2. Utilitarian Ethics: Mohism advocated for a utilitarian approach to ethics. According to Mozi, actions should be evaluated based on their usefulness and ability to promote the well-being of society as a whole. The ultimate goal was to achieve social harmony, order, and stability.
3. Rejecting Excessive Rituals and Ceremonies: Mozi criticized the extravagant and elaborate rituals and ceremonies practiced by the ruling class in ancient China. He believed that such rituals were wasteful and ineffective in promoting true moral virtue and social welfare.
4. Pacifism and Non-aggression: Mohism promoted pacifism and non-aggression. Mozi criticized the prevailing military aggression and wars of his time and advocated for peaceful coexistence and mutual benefit among states.
5. Focus on Practicality: Unlike some other philosophical schools of the time, Mohism was highly pragmatic and focused on practical solutions to social problems. Mozi and his followers were concerned with real-world issues and aimed to improve the lives of ordinary people.
6. Critique of Confucianism: Mohism was in direct opposition to Confucianism in several aspects. While Confucianism emphasized the importance of ritual, filial piety, and social hierarchy, Mohism advocated for universal love and the rejection of excessive rituals.

Despite its significant influence during the Warring States period, Mohism eventually declined and was overshadowed by Confucianism and Daoism in the following centuries. However, elements of Mohist thought and ethics continued to influence later Chinese philosophy and ethical thinking. The emphasis on universal love and social welfare has left a lasting impact on Chinese cultural values and ethical discussions.