Illuminationism

Illuminationism, also known as Illuminative Philosophy or Hikmat al-Ishraq, is a philosophical and mystical school of thought that emerged in the Islamic world during the 12th and 13th centuries. It was founded by the Persian philosopher and theologian Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi (1155-1191 CE) and is considered one of the important schools of Islamic philosophy.

Key aspects and principles of Illuminationism include:

1. The Primacy of Light: Illuminationism places a central emphasis on the concept of “light” (Ishraq). Light is not just a physical phenomenon but also a symbol of divine knowledge and intellect. The goal of the philosopher is to attain this divine illumination through intellectual and mystical insight.
2. Intuition and Direct Knowledge: Illuminationists believe that true knowledge is not solely derived from sensory perception or rational deduction but can also be obtained through direct intuition or illumination. This form of knowledge is considered superior to discursive reasoning.
3. Divine Knowledge and the Soul: Illuminationists maintain that the human soul has an innate connection to divine knowledge. Through purification and contemplation, the soul can ascend to higher levels of understanding and become receptive to divine illumination.
4. Theology and Metaphysics: Illuminationism combines elements of Islamic theology, particularly the concept of divine unity (tawhid), with metaphysical ideas. Suhrawardi proposed a cosmology that includes multiple worlds, each corresponding to different levels of existence.
5. Platonic Influences: The philosophy of Plato, especially his theory of forms and the notion of higher realities, greatly influenced Illuminationism. Suhrawardi sought to integrate Neoplatonic ideas with Islamic thought.
6. Theurgy and Spiritual Practices: Illuminationists practiced spiritual exercises, including meditation and contemplation, to enhance their capacity for intuitive insight and illumination. The goal was to overcome the limitations of the lower self (nafs) and attain a higher spiritual station.

Illuminationism was met with both enthusiasm and opposition within the Islamic intellectual tradition. While some scholars embraced its emphasis on intuition and mystical knowledge, others criticized it for potentially undermining the primacy of rational reasoning in Islamic theology and law.

Despite the historical challenges, the impact of Illuminationism endured in the Islamic philosophical tradition. Its influence can be seen in later Persian and Islamic mysticism, as well as the development of various Sufi orders and spiritual movements. Today, the ideas and concepts of Illuminationism continue to be subjects of study and interpretation in Islamic philosophy and mysticism.