j5rson – Page 16 – Iverson Software Co.

Alkane

Alkanes are the simplest class of hydrocarbons, consisting only of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms connected by single bonds. They are sometimes called paraffins and form the backbone of organic chemistry.

🔬 Chemical and Structural Properties

General Formula: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
Bonding: Only single covalent bonds (σ bonds) → saturated hydrocarbons.
Structure: Can be straight-chain (n-alkanes), branched, or cyclic (cycloalkanes).
Polarity: Nonpolar molecules → insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents.
Physical State:
- C₁–C₄: gases (methane, ethane, propane, butane)
- C₅–C₁₇: liquids (pentane through heptadecane)
- C₁₈+: waxy solids

🌍 Occurrence

Major components of natural gas (methane, ethane, propane, butane).
Found in petroleum and crude oil (longer-chain alkanes).
Produced biologically in small amounts by certain organisms.

⚙️ Properties and Uses

Combustion: Burn to release energy → fuels (natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, diesel).
Chemical Stability: Relatively inert; undergo substitution reactions (e.g., halogenation).
Industrial Uses:
- Energy source (heating, electricity, transport).
- Feedstock for petrochemicals (plastics, solvents).
- Lubricants and waxes (long-chain alkanes).

📖 Examples

Alkane	Formula	State at Room Temp	Common Use
Methane	CH₄	Gas	Natural gas fuel
Propane	C₃H₈	Gas	Heating, camping fuel
Octane	C₈H₁₈	Liquid	Gasoline component
Paraffin wax	~C₂₀–C₄₀	Solid	Candles, coatings

✨ Conclusion

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with only single bonds, ranging from gases to waxy solids depending on chain length. They are fundamental to fuels, petrochemicals, and everyday materials, making them one of the most important classes of organic compounds.

In short: Alkane = saturated hydrocarbon (CₙH₂ₙ₊₂), stable, fuel-rich, backbone of organic chemistry.

Alisonite

Alisonite is not an officially recognized mineral species. It was reported historically as a copper–lead sulfide (Cu₆PbS₄), but later studies suggest it is probably a mixture rather than a distinct mineral.

🌍 Origins and Naming

Name Origin: Named after R.E. Alison, a geologist involved in its identification.
Type Locality: Reported from the Grande Mine (La Marqueza Mine), Arqueros silver mining district, La Serena, Elqui Province, Coquimbo Region, Chile.
Status: Not approved by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA).

🔬 Reported Properties

Formula (proposed): Cu₆PbS₄
Composition: Copper (~53%), lead (~29%), sulfur (~18%).
Appearance: Metallic, dark-colored material.
Habit: Reported as massive aggregates rather than distinct crystals.
Hardness & Density: Not well established due to its uncertain status.

⚙️ Geological Context

Found in silver mining districts of Chile.
Likely represents an intergrowth or mixture of copper sulfides and lead sulfides rather than a discrete mineral phase.
Associated with other sulfides in hydrothermal deposits.

📖 Scientific and Collector Significance

Petrology: Interesting historically as an example of early misidentification in mineralogy.
Collectors: Rarely seen; specimens labeled “alisonite” are usually mixtures and not considered valid species.
Academic Note: Serves as a cautionary case in mineral classification—highlighting the importance of modern analytical techniques.

✨ Conclusion

Alisonite was described as a copper–lead sulfide from Chile, but it is not a valid mineral species. It is probably a mixture of sulfides, and today it is mainly of historical interest in mineralogy rather than scientific or collector significance.

In short: Alisonite = reported Cu–Pb sulfide from Chile, but not an approved mineral; likely a mixture.

Algodonite

Algodonite is a rare copper arsenide mineral (Cu₆As), part of the domeykite–algodonite series. It is scientifically significant because it represents one of the uncommon natural arsenides of copper, found in hydrothermal deposits.

🌍 Origins and Naming

Name Origin: Named after the Algodones mine in Sonora, Mexico, where it was first discovered.
Type Locality: Algodones mine, Sonora, Mexico.
Discovery: Described in the late 19th century.

🔬 Chemical and Structural Properties

Formula: Cu₆As
Mineral Group: Copper arsenides (related to domeykite, whitneyite).
Crystal System: Cubic (isometric).
Color: Steel-gray to black.
Habit: Massive, granular, or irregular aggregates; crystals are rare.
Hardness: ~4 on Mohs scale.
Specific Gravity: ~8.4 (very dense due to copper content).
Luster: Metallic.
Streak: Black.

⚙️ Geological Occurrence

Found in hydrothermal copper deposits, often in association with other arsenides.
Associated Minerals: Domeykite, whitneyite, arsenic, native copper, silver, and sulfides.
Localities:
- Algodones mine, Sonora, Mexico (type locality).
- Other occurrences in Chile, Germany, and the USA (Michigan copper deposits).

📖 Scientific and Collector Significance

Petrology: Important for understanding copper–arsenic mineralization in hydrothermal systems.
Collectors: Rare and usually massive, valued for its rarity rather than aesthetics.
Economic Note: Contains copper, but too rare to be an ore mineral.

⚠️ Safety Considerations

Contains arsenic, so specimens should be handled carefully—avoid inhaling dust or ingesting particles, and wash hands after handling.

✨ Conclusion

Algodonite is a rare copper arsenide (Cu₆As), first described in Mexico, found in hydrothermal copper deposits. Though not economically important, it is scientifically valuable for understanding copper–arsenic mineral chemistry and prized by collectors for its rarity.

In short: Algodonite = Cu₆As, metallic copper arsenide, rare, first found in Mexico, associated with domeykite.

Algarite

Algarite is a very rare sulfosalt mineral, specifically a silver–tellurium–arsenic sulfide. It is scientifically notable because it represents one of the unusual Ag–Te–As sulfosalts, and it is only known from a handful of localities.

🌍 Origins and Naming

Name Origin: Named after the Algarrobo mine in Chile, where it was first discovered.
Type Locality: Algarrobo mine, Copiapó Province, Atacama Region, Chile.
Discovery: Described in 1971.

🔬 Chemical and Structural Properties

Formula: Ag₈Te₃AsS₄ (approximate; composition can vary slightly).
Mineral Group: Sulfosalts (complex sulfides with multiple metals and semimetals).
Crystal System: Monoclinic.
Color: Black to steel-gray.
Habit: Tiny grains, massive aggregates, rarely distinct crystals.
Hardness: ~3 on Mohs scale.
Specific Gravity: ~6.0–6.2 (high due to silver and tellurium content).
Luster: Metallic.
Streak: Black.

⚙️ Geological Occurrence

Found in hydrothermal silver–tellurium deposits.
Associated Minerals: Hessite, stützite, sylvanite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and other Ag–Te minerals.
Localities:
- Algarrobo mine, Chile (type locality).
- Other rare occurrences in tellurium-rich silver deposits worldwide.

📖 Scientific and Collector Significance

Petrology: Important for understanding Ag–Te–As sulfosalt mineralization.
Collectors: Extremely rare, usually microscopic, so mainly of academic rather than aesthetic interest.
Economic Note: Contains silver and tellurium, but far too rare to be an ore mineral.

✨ Conclusion

Algarite is a rare silver–tellurium–arsenic sulfosalt, first described in Chile, found in hydrothermal Ag–Te deposits. It is scientifically valuable for understanding sulfosalt chemistry but remains a mineralogical curiosity rather than a collector’s prize.

In short: Algarite = Ag–Te–As sulfosalt, metallic black mineral, first found in Chile, extremely rare.

Alexeyevite

Alexeyevite is a very rare silicate mineral, considered synonymous with Alexjejewite, and is only known from a few localities worldwide. It is not a common collector’s specimen but is scientifically important for its unusual chemistry and rarity.

🌍 Origins and Naming

Name Origin: Named after Russian mineralogist Vladimir Alexeyev.
Synonym: Sometimes referred to as Alexjejewite.
Type Locality: Russia (exact locality details are limited due to rarity).

🔬 Chemical and Structural Properties

Formula: Complex silicate (exact formula varies in sources, but generally involves rare-earth elements and silicate groups).
Crystal System: Trigonal.
Color: Typically pale to colorless.
Habit: Small crystals, often microscopic.
Hardness: ~5–6 on Mohs scale.
Specific Gravity: ~3.0–3.2 (moderate density).
Luster: Vitreous.

⚙️ Geological Occurrence

Found in rare mineral assemblages, often in pegmatites or unusual silicate-rich environments.
Known from Russia and a handful of other localities worldwide.
Associated with other rare silicates and complex minerals.

📖 Scientific and Collector Significance

Petrology: Important for understanding rare silicate mineralogy and geochemical processes.
Collectors: Extremely rare, usually only available as micro-mounts or research specimens.
Economic Note: No industrial use; valued purely for rarity and academic interest.

✨ Conclusion

Alexeyevite is a rare silicate mineral, synonymous with Alexjejewite, first described in Russia. It is scientifically significant for its unusual chemistry but remains a mineralogical curiosity rather than a collector’s showpiece.

In short: Alexeyevite = rare silicate mineral, synonym of Alexjejewite, first described in Russia, valued for rarity.

Albitite

Albitite is a rare igneous rock composed almost entirely of albite (NaAlSi₃O₈), the sodium-rich feldspar. It is essentially a leucocratic (light-colored) granite-like rock, but distinguished by its overwhelming dominance of albite over other feldspars.

🌍 Origins and Naming

Name Origin: Derived from albite, the principal mineral.
Type: A rock name, not a mineral species.
Classification: Felsic intrusive rock, part of the granite family but unusually sodic.

🔬 Composition and Properties

Main Mineral: Albite (NaAlSi₃O₈) — typically >90% of the rock.
Accessory Minerals: Quartz, muscovite, biotite, tourmaline, garnet, and occasionally rare-element minerals.
Color: White, pale gray, or pinkish due to albite dominance.
Texture: Coarse-grained, equigranular, massive.
Structure: Intrusive, often forming dikes or small plutons.

⚙️ Geological Occurrence

Found in granitic intrusions and pegmatite complexes.
Often associated with rare-element mineralization (uranium, niobium, tantalum, lithium).
Localities:
- Namibia (Rossing uranium mine, where albitite hosts uranium ore).
- Canada, Russia, and other regions with rare-element pegmatites.

📖 Scientific and Economic Significance

Petrology: Important for understanding extreme sodic differentiation in granitic magmas.
Economic Note:
- Albitite can host uranium deposits (Rossing mine, Namibia).
- May also contain rare-element minerals, making it of interest in economic geology.
Collectors: Not a collector’s rock, but specimens are valued academically.

✨ Conclusion

Albitite is a sodium-rich granite-like rock, composed almost entirely of albite, found in specialized granitic intrusions. Though visually modest, it is geologically significant and economically important as a host rock for uranium and rare-element mineralization.

In short: Albitite = albite-rich granite, intrusive felsic rock, linked to uranium deposits (e.g., Rossing mine, Namibia).

Albite

Albite is a common feldspar mineral, specifically the sodium-rich endmember of the plagioclase feldspar series. It is one of the most widespread rock-forming minerals, occurring in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary environments.

🌍 Origins and Naming

Name Origin: From Latin albus (“white”), referring to its typical color.
Type Locality: Described in the early 19th century, widely distributed worldwide.

🔬 Chemical and Structural Properties

Formula: NaAlSi₃O₈
Mineral Group: Feldspar (plagioclase series)
Crystal System: Triclinic
Color: White, colorless, sometimes gray, bluish, or greenish
Habit: Tabular crystals, granular masses, or cleavable fragments
Hardness: 6–6.5 on Mohs scale
Specific Gravity: ~2.62
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: White
Cleavage: Perfect on {001}, good on {010}

⚙️ Geological Occurrence

Igneous Rocks: Common in granites, pegmatites, rhyolites.
Metamorphic Rocks: Found in schists and gneisses.
Sedimentary Rocks: Present as detrital grains in sandstones.
Associated Minerals: Quartz, orthoclase, microcline, muscovite, biotite.

📖 Scientific and Economic Significance

Petrology: Key mineral for classifying igneous rocks (especially granites and pegmatites).
Industrial Use:
- Source of sodium in ceramics and glass manufacture.
- Used in porcelain production.
Collectors: Transparent crystals from pegmatites can be attractive, though albite is usually common and not highly prized.

✨ Conclusion

Albite is a sodium-rich feldspar (NaAlSi₃O₈), widespread in igneous and metamorphic rocks, important in geology and industry. While common, it plays a crucial role in rock classification and has practical applications in ceramics and glass.

In short: Albite = sodium feldspar, triclinic, white to colorless, abundant in granites and pegmatites.

Albertite

Albertite is a rare solid bitumen, essentially a naturally occurring asphalt-like hydrocarbon. It is not a mineral in the strict crystallographic sense but is recognized as a distinct organic substance in geology.

🌍 Origins and Naming

Name Origin: Named after Albert County, New Brunswick, Canada, where it was first discovered in the mid‑19th century.
Historical Note: Albertite was famously involved in early petroleum industry history—its discovery sparked disputes over whether it was coal, asphalt, or a new substance.

🔬 Properties

Composition: Complex mixture of hydrocarbons (solid bitumen).
Appearance: Black, shiny, asphalt-like material.
Texture: Brittle, breaks with a conchoidal fracture.
Hardness: ~2–2.5 on Mohs scale.
Specific Gravity: ~1.1–1.2 (lighter than coal).
Luster: Resinous to pitch-like.

⚙️ Geological Occurrence

Found in veins cutting Carboniferous sedimentary rocks in New Brunswick, Canada.
Forms from petroleum migration: liquid hydrocarbons seep into fissures, solidify, and become albertite.
Rare outside its type locality, though similar solid bitumens occur globally.

📖 Historical and Scientific Significance

Petroleum History: Albertite was at the center of early debates about petroleum geology in Canada.
Industrial Use: Burned as fuel and used in early kerosene production.
Scientific Value: Helped establish the understanding of hydrocarbons in solid form.
Collector Interest: Rare and historically significant, though visually similar to asphalt or coal.

✨ Conclusion

Albertite is a solid bitumen hydrocarbon, first described in New Brunswick, Canada. Though not a mineral, it played a pivotal role in the early petroleum industry and remains scientifically important as a marker of hydrocarbon migration and solidification.

In short: Albertite = solid bitumen, black asphalt-like hydrocarbon, historically important in Canada’s petroleum industry.

Alaskite

Alaskite is a leucocratic granite, essentially a light-colored igneous rock composed almost entirely of quartz and alkali feldspar. It is geologically important as a distinctive variety of granite, often associated with uranium mineralization and rare-element deposits.

🌍 Origins and Naming

Name Origin: Named after Alaska, where it was first described in the early 20th century.
Type: A rock name, not a mineral species.
Classification: A variety of granite, specifically a leucogranite (light-colored granite).

🔬 Composition and Properties

Main Minerals:
- Quartz
- Alkali feldspar (orthoclase, microcline)
Accessory Minerals:
- Muscovite, biotite (minor amounts)
- May contain trace amounts of garnet, tourmaline, or uranium-bearing minerals
Color: White, pink, or light gray
Texture: Coarse-grained, equigranular
Structure: Massive, intrusive igneous rock

⚙️ Geological Occurrence

Found in plutonic intrusions, often large batholiths.
Common in Alaska, but also reported in other regions worldwide.
Associated with uranium deposits and sometimes rare-element mineralization (niobium, tantalum, lithium).
Forms in continental crustal settings, typically late-stage granitic intrusions.

📖 Scientific and Economic Significance

Petrology: Important for understanding granite differentiation and crustal melting processes.
Economic Note:
- Sometimes linked to uranium ore deposits (e.g., Rossing uranium mine in Namibia is hosted in alaskite).
- May host rare-element minerals, making it of interest in economic geology.
Collectors: Not a collector’s mineral, but rock specimens are valued for study.

✨ Conclusion

Alaskite is a light-colored granite variety, composed mainly of quartz and alkali feldspar, first described in Alaska. It is geologically significant for its role in crustal processes and economically important for its association with uranium and rare-element deposits.

In short: Alaskite = leucocratic granite, quartz + alkali feldspar, linked to uranium deposits, first described in Alaska.

Alamosite

Alamosite is a rare lead silicate mineral (PbSiO₃), first discovered in Álamos, Sonora, Mexico. It occurs as a secondary mineral in the oxidized zones of lead-rich deposits and is prized by mineralogists for its unusual chemistry and crystal form.

🌍 Origins and Naming

Name Origin: Named after the town of Álamos, Sonora, Mexico, where it was first identified.
Discovery: Early 20th century (pre-IMA, 1909).
Type Locality: Álamos, Sonora, Mexico.

🔬 Chemical and Structural Properties

Formula: PbSiO₃ (lead silicate).
Crystal System: Monoclinic, prismatic class.
Color: Colorless to white, sometimes pale gray.
Habit: Transparent prismatic crystals, fibrous masses, or aggregates.
Hardness: ~4.5 on Mohs scale.
Specific Gravity: ~6.49 (very dense due to lead content).
Luster: Adamantine to vitreous.
Streak: White.
Optical Properties: Biaxial (–), refractive indices ~1.947–1.968.

⚙️ Geological Occurrence

Found in oxidized zones of lead-bearing deposits.
Associated Minerals: Leadhillite, melanotekite, cerussite, anglesite, wulfenite, phosgenite, and other lead-rich secondary minerals.
Localities:
- Álamos, Sonora, Mexico (type locality).
- San Pascual mine, Hidalgo, Mexico.
- USA (Arizona: Mammoth-St. Anthony mine, Lucky Cuss mine).
- Tsumeb mine, Namibia.
- Sweden (rare occurrences).

📖 Scientific and Collector Significance

Petrology: Important for understanding lead silicate mineralization in oxidized environments.
Collectors: Rare and delicate crystals, often transparent, valued for their scarcity and association with famous localities like Tsumeb.
Economic Note: Not an ore mineral due to rarity, but academically significant.

⚠️ Safety Considerations

Contains lead, so specimens should be handled with care—avoid inhaling dust or ingesting particles, and wash hands after handling.

✨ Conclusion

Alamosite is a rare lead silicate mineral (PbSiO₃), first described in Mexico, found in oxidized lead deposits. Its transparent crystals and association with classic localities make it scientifically and collector-significant, though it has no industrial use.

In short: Alamosite = PbSiO₃, a rare lead silicate mineral, first found in Álamos, Mexico, occurring in oxidized lead deposits.