Vishishtadvaita

Vishishtadvaita, also known as qualified non-dualism, is a prominent school of philosophy within Hinduism. It was founded by the 11th-century philosopher and theologian Ramanuja. Vishishtadvaita is a form of Vedanta and represents a unique interpretation of the Upanishads and the Brahma Sutras, focusing on the relationship between the individual soul (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman).

Key features and characteristics of Vishishtadvaita include:

1. Non-Dualism with Qualifications: Vishishtadvaita holds that the ultimate reality, Brahman, is non-dual, but it also acknowledges the existence of distinctions and attributes within the realm of the manifested universe. This is where the term “qualified non-dualism” comes from.
2. Brahman as Saguna: In Vishishtadvaita, Brahman is understood as having qualities and attributes (saguna Brahman). These attributes include qualities like omnipotence, omniscience, and infinite grace. This conception of Brahman allows for a more personal and approachable understanding of the divine.
3. The Concept of Isvara: Vishishtadvaita introduces the concept of Isvara, the Supreme Being, who is seen as the personal God that governs and sustains the universe. Isvara is seen as the source of all existence and the embodiment of divine qualities and virtues.
4. Jiva-Brahma Aikya: Vishishtadvaita affirms the essential unity (aikya) of the individual soul (jiva) and Brahman. However, it posits that the individual souls are eternally dependent on Brahman and exist as inseparable parts of the divine whole.
5. Threefold Reality: Ramanuja’s philosophy outlines a threefold reality known as the “trayatvada.” This includes Brahman (the ultimate reality), Jiva (individual souls), and Jagat (the manifest world). All three are interrelated and exist within the framework of qualified non-dualism.
6. Bhakti as the Path to Liberation: Vishishtadvaita places great emphasis on the path of loving devotion (bhakti) as the means to attain liberation (moksha). Through unwavering devotion to the personal God (Isvara), the individual soul can achieve spiritual liberation and unity with Brahman.
7. Interpretation of Upanishads: Vishishtadvaita offers a unique interpretation of the Upanishads, placing particular emphasis on those passages that affirm the essential oneness of the individual soul with Brahman.

Vishishtadvaita has been a significant and influential school of thought within Hinduism, particularly in South India. It has inspired a rich tradition of devotional worship and philosophical discourse centered on the personal God and the path of loving devotion. Vishishtadvaita’s teachings continue to shape the theological and philosophical landscape of Hinduism to this day.