Shaykhism

Shaykhism, also known as Shaykhism or Shaikhism, is a religious and philosophical movement that emerged in the late 18th century in the Punjab region of South Asia. It was founded by Sheikh Ahmad al-Sirhindi, also known as Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi or Mujaddid Alf Thani (1564–1624), who is regarded as the “Mujaddid” or “Renewer” of Islam for the second millennium of the Islamic calendar.

Key features and characteristics of Shaykhism include:

1. Spiritual Renewal and Revival: Sheikh Ahmad al-Sirhindi sought to revive and reform Islamic spirituality in response to what he perceived as a decline in the practice of Islam during his time. He emphasized the importance of spiritual experiences and direct mystical connections with God.
2. Tawhid and Sufism: Shaykhism upholds the central Islamic principle of Tawhid, which is the belief in the oneness of God. It also incorporates elements of Sufi mysticism, emphasizing the importance of spiritual introspection and closeness to God.
3. Unity of Being (Wahdat al-Wujud): One of the central tenets of Shaykhism is the concept of “Wahdat al-Wujud,” which means the unity of being. According to this idea, all of creation is a manifestation of the Divine, and the material world is a reflection of God’s attributes.
4. Controversy and Criticism: Shaykhism faced criticism from orthodox Islamic scholars due to its emphasis on mysticism and the concept of Wahdat al-Wujud. Some critics accused Sheikh Ahmad al-Sirhindi of promoting pantheism or beliefs that they considered heretical.
5. Continuation and Expansion: After the passing of Sheikh Ahmad al-Sirhindi, his teachings were carried on by his successors and disciples. Shaykhism continued to spread and gain followers, particularly among Sufi communities in South Asia.
6. Bahá’í Connection: Shaykhism is historically significant as it played a role in the early development of the Bahá’í Faith. One of the prominent early Bahá’í figures, Mírzá Husayn-‘Alí Núrí (Bahá’u’lláh), was influenced by Shaykhism before he founded the Bahá’í Faith in the 19th century.

It’s essential to distinguish Shaykhism from mainstream Islamic theology, as some of its concepts and practices are unique to the movement. While Shaykhism is relatively small compared to major Islamic sects, its impact on certain mystical and philosophical aspects of Islamic thought has been noteworthy, especially in the context of South Asian religious history.