Epicureanism

Epicureanism is a philosophical school founded by the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus (341–270 BCE). It is a form of hedonistic philosophy that seeks to achieve happiness and tranquility (ataraxia) through the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. However, Epicurean pleasure is not understood in a purely sensual or hedonistic sense but rather as the absence of physical and mental distress.

Key principles and characteristics of Epicureanism include:

1. Pleasure as the Highest Good: Epicureans believe that pleasure is the highest good and the ultimate goal of human life. However, they emphasize that pleasure should be understood as the absence of pain and mental disturbance rather than indulgence in excessive sensory pleasures.
2. Avoidance of Pain: Epicureanism places great importance on avoiding pain, both physical and mental. To achieve this, Epicurus suggested minimizing desires and attachments and cultivating a state of inner tranquility.
3. Simple Living: Epicureans advocate for a life of simple pleasures and moderation. They argue that a life of unnecessary luxury and excessive desires leads to more pain than pleasure in the long run.
4. Friendship: Epicurus believed that friendship was a crucial component of a happy and fulfilling life. He considered genuine friendship as one of the greatest sources of pleasure and support.
5. Atomic Theory: Epicureanism incorporates an atomic theory of the universe, influenced by Democritus. According to this theory, the universe is composed of indivisible and indestructible particles called atoms, which combine and interact to form all matter and phenomena.
6. Rejection of the Afterlife: Epicureans rejected the idea of an afterlife, arguing that death is the end of consciousness and that there is no existence beyond this life. Therefore, they advocated enjoying life to the fullest in the present.
7. Freedom and Autonomy: Epicureanism promotes the idea of human freedom and autonomy. According to Epicurus, individuals can attain happiness by freeing themselves from fears of gods, death, and punishment, and by realizing that they have control over their own choices and actions.

Epicureanism was influential in ancient Greece and Rome and had a lasting impact on Western philosophical thought. Although it declined in prominence after the Hellenistic period, some of its ideas and ethical principles have reemerged in various philosophical discussions throughout history.

Epicureanism is often contrasted with Stoicism, another Hellenistic philosophical school that also sought tranquility but through the cultivation of virtue and indifference to external circumstances.