Ājīvika

Ājīvika is an ancient Indian philosophical and ascetic movement that emerged during the same time as Buddhism and Jainism in the 5th century BCE. Founded by Makkhali Gosala, the Ājīvikas were followers of the ascetic teacher and adopted a deterministic worldview. The name “Ājīvika” is derived from the Sanskrit word “ājīva,” which means livelihood or way of life.

Key features of Ājīvika:

1. Determinism: The central tenet of Ājīvika philosophy is the belief in strict determinism, which means that everything in the universe, including human actions and events, is preordained and governed by fate or destiny. This deterministic worldview denied the existence of free will and personal agency.
2. Materialism: The Ājīvikas were materialists who believed that the world and all living beings are composed of eternal and indestructible atoms (dharmas). These atoms combine and recombine to form various elements and living entities.
3. Denial of Self: According to Ājīvika philosophy, there is no permanent, independent, or individual self (ātman). The concept of self is considered illusory, and the individual is seen as an ephemeral combination of material elements.
4. Doctrine of Niyati: The doctrine of niyati is a key aspect of Ājīvika determinism. It asserts that all events and actions in the universe are bound by a fixed, unchangeable cosmic order or law.
5. Asceticism: The Ājīvikas were known for their rigorous ascetic practices, which involved severe self-discipline, strict adherence to a simple lifestyle, and renunciation of worldly attachments. They believed that their actions were predetermined and that ascetic practices were essential for spiritual purification.
6. Fatalism: The deterministic worldview of the Ājīvikas led to a fatalistic outlook on life. They believed that whatever happens in life is predestined and cannot be altered by human effort.
7. Decline and Disappearance: Despite having a significant following during its early years, the Ājīvika school of thought eventually declined and gradually disappeared. It was overshadowed by the growth of Buddhism and Jainism and faced opposition from other philosophical and religious traditions.

While Ājīvika as a distinct philosophical movement is no longer practiced, its historical significance lies in its influence during the time of ancient Indian thought. The deterministic worldview of the Ājīvikas raised important questions about fate, determinism, and the nature of existence, which continue to be topics of philosophical inquiry in various traditions.