Month: August 2023

Achintya Bheda Abheda

Achintya Bheda Abheda is a philosophical concept that comes from the teachings of the Gaudiya Vaishnavism tradition, a devotional Hindu sect. It was primarily propounded by the 15th-century saint and scholar Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, who is considered an incarnation of Lord Krishna by his followers.

“Achintya” translates to “inconceivable,” “Bheda” means “difference,” and “Abheda” means “non-difference.” Together, Achintya Bheda Abheda represents the philosophical reconciliation of seemingly contradictory concepts of simultaneous difference and non-difference between the Supreme Divine (Krishna) and the individual souls.

Key points of Achintya Bheda Abheda:

  1. Simultaneous Difference and Non-Difference: The philosophy posits that the relationship between God (Krishna) and the individual souls (jivas) is characterized by both difference and non-difference. This means that while the individual souls are distinct from the Supreme Divine, they are also inherently connected and non-different from Him.
  2. Inconceivability (Achintya): The concept emphasizes the inconceivable nature of the relationship between the finite souls and the infinite Supreme Being. It is beyond the capacity of the human mind to fully comprehend or explain this divine relationship.
  3. Loving Devotion (Bhakti): Achintya Bheda Abheda philosophy encourages a path of loving devotion (bhakti) to the Supreme Divine as a means to experience the intimate relationship with God. Devotees are encouraged to surrender themselves completely to Krishna with love and devotion.
  4. Emphasis on Grace: The philosophy emphasizes the grace of the Supreme Divine, which is considered essential for the souls to realize their true spiritual nature and reconnect with Krishna.

Achintya Bheda Abheda is a profound philosophical concept that lies at the core of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. It seeks to offer an integrated understanding of the relationship between the finite souls and the infinite Supreme Being, emphasizing the significance of loving devotion and surrender to Krishna as the path to spiritual realization and liberation. The concept acknowledges the limitations of human understanding in comprehending the divine mysteries and underscores the significance of faith and devotion in the pursuit of spiritual truth.

Academic skepticism

Academic skepticism, also known as Pyrrhonian skepticism, is a philosophical school of thought that originated in ancient Greece with its most famous proponent being Pyrrho of Elis (360-270 BCE). It is named after the Greek philosopher Pyrrho, but its principles were further developed and refined by later philosophers like Timon of Phlius and Sextus Empiricus.

Key features of academic skepticism include:

  1. Suspension of Judgment: The central tenet of academic skepticism is the suspension of judgment or belief on any matter. Academic skeptics argue that absolute knowledge is unattainable, and as such, one should refrain from making any dogmatic claims or accepting any belief as true.
  2. Opposition to Dogmatism: Academic skeptics criticize dogmatism, which refers to unwarranted confidence in the truth or certainty of a particular belief or knowledge claim. They argue that dogmatism leads to unjustified beliefs and intellectual arrogance.
  3. Equivocal Arguments: Academic skeptics employ equivocal arguments, also known as equipollence, to show that for any proposition, there are equally compelling arguments both for and against it. This creates a state of balance or equipollence, leading to the suspension of judgment.
  4. Epoché: The suspension of judgment is called epoché, meaning “suspension” in Greek. By suspending judgment, the skeptic aims to achieve tranquility and freedom from the disturbances caused by dogmatic beliefs.
  5. Methodological Doubt: Academic skepticism is not about denying the possibility of knowledge or truth but rather adopting a methodological doubt to examine beliefs critically.

It is important to note that academic skepticism is a philosophical position and does not advocate for a complete abandonment of practical beliefs or actions in daily life. Instead, it suggests that individuals should adopt a skeptical attitude when it comes to matters of knowledge and ultimate truth.

In the history of philosophy, academic skepticism had a significant influence on later philosophical schools, including the development of Pyrrhonism and various forms of skepticism within the ancient and modern periods. The approach of suspending judgment and examining beliefs critically continues to be relevant in contemporary epistemology and the philosophy of knowledge.

Absurdism

Absurdism is a philosophical and literary concept that explores the inherent conflict between the human desire to find meaning and purpose in life and the apparent meaninglessness and irrationality of the world. It was a philosophical movement that emerged in the 20th century, particularly associated with the works of Albert Camus and the theater of the absurd.

Key features of absurdism include:

  1. The Absurd Condition: Absurdism posits that the human condition is marked by the “absurd,” which arises from the clash between human beings’ search for meaning and the indifference or irrationality of the universe.
  2. The Absurd Hero: In absurdism, individuals are often depicted as “absurd heroes” who continue to search for meaning and purpose despite the apparent futility of their efforts.
  3. The Meaningless Universe: Absurdism suggests that the universe is inherently devoid of inherent meaning or purpose, and any attempts to find ultimate meaning are bound to fail.
  4. Rejection of Religious or Philosophical Systems: Absurdism rejects traditional religious and philosophical systems that claim to provide absolute meaning or explanations of existence.
  5. Embrace of Human Freedom: Absurdism emphasizes the importance of human freedom and choice, even in a world that may seem meaningless. It suggests that individuals must confront and embrace the absurd condition and create their own meaning through their actions.
  6. Existential Themes: Absurdism shares some existentialist themes, such as the individual’s responsibility for creating meaning in an indifferent world.

The term “absurdism” was popularized by the French-Algerian philosopher and writer Albert Camus in his philosophical essay “The Myth of Sisyphus” (1942). Camus used the myth of Sisyphus, who was condemned to roll a boulder up a hill only to see it roll back down endlessly, as a metaphor for the human struggle with the absurdity of life.

The theater of the absurd, a literary and dramatic movement, emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, with playwrights like Samuel Beckett, Eugène Ionesco, and Harold Pinter exploring similar themes of human existence, meaninglessness, and the breakdown of communication.

Absurdism challenges individuals to confront the existential questions about life’s purpose, meaning, and the choices they make in the face of a seemingly meaningless world. It encourages a sense of personal responsibility for shaping one’s life and values, even if ultimate answers may remain elusive.

Eileen Barker

Eileen Barker is a British sociologist and academic known for her extensive research in the field of sociology of religion, new religious movements, and cults. She was born on April 21, 1938, in London, United Kingdom.

Some key points about Eileen Barker:

  1. Academic Career: Eileen Barker is a Professor Emeritus of Sociology with Special Reference to the Study of Religion at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). She has held various academic positions throughout her career.
  2. Research on New Religious Movements: Barker is renowned for her research on new religious movements (NRMs), cults, and minority religious groups. She has conducted extensive fieldwork and interviews with members of various NRMs to understand their beliefs, practices, and social dynamics.
  3. INFORM: In 1988, Barker founded the Information Network Focus on Religious Movements (INFORM), which is based at LSE. INFORM is an independent academic research center that provides information and resources about new religious movements and cults.
  4. Publications: Eileen Barker has authored numerous books and academic papers on the sociology of religion and new religious movements. Some of her notable works include “The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing?” and “New Religious Movements: A Practical Introduction.”
  5. Cults and Brainwashing Debate: Barker’s research on cults and brainwashing has been a subject of debate and controversy within the fields of sociology and religious studies. Her work challenges the concept of brainwashing as a dominant explanation for individuals’ involvement in NRMs.
  6. Recognition: Barker has received various awards and honors for her contributions to the study of religion and the sociology of cults.

Eileen Barker’s research has significantly advanced the understanding of new religious movements and cults, challenging prevailing stereotypes and offering more nuanced insights into the experiences of individuals involved in such groups. Her work on INFORM has also been instrumental in providing accurate and balanced information about religious movements and countering misinformation.

Jack Barbalet

Jack Barbalet is an Australian sociologist and social theorist known for his contributions to the fields of sociology, political theory, and social philosophy. He held the position of Professor of Sociology at the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom.

Some key points about Jack Barbalet:

  1. Academic Career: Jack Barbalet has had a distinguished academic career and has taught at various universities around the world. He has held positions at institutions in Australia, the United Kingdom, and Asia.
  2. Research Areas: Barbalet’s research interests encompass a wide range of topics, including social theory, political sociology, the sociology of emotions, and economic sociology.
  3. Emotions and Society: One of Barbalet’s notable contributions to sociology is his work on emotions and society. He has explored the role of emotions in social life, the emotional dynamics of social interactions, and how emotions shape political behavior.
  4. Books and Publications: Barbalet has authored several books and academic papers. Some of his notable works include “Emotion, Social Theory, and Social Structure,” “Weber, Passion, and Profits: ‘The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism’ in Context,” and “Economy as a System of Power: Corporate Systems.”
  5. Weberian Perspective: Barbalet’s scholarship is often informed by a Weberian perspective, drawing on the theories of Max Weber to understand social phenomena and the complexities of human action.
  6. Influence: Jack Barbalet’s work has been influential in the fields of sociology and social theory. His contributions to understanding emotions in social life have offered valuable insights into the complexities of human behavior and social interactions.

As a sociologist and social theorist, Jack Barbalet’s research has contributed to our understanding of emotions, social interactions, and the dynamics of power in society. His work continues to be cited and discussed in academic circles, and his insights have enriched the study of sociology and related disciplines.

E. Digby Baltzell

Ernest Digby Baltzell, often referred to as E. Digby Baltzell, was an American sociologist and academic known for his work on social stratification and the sociology of elites. He was born on August 19, 1915, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and he passed away on August 17, 1991.

Some key points about E. Digby Baltzell:

  1. Academic Career: E. Digby Baltzell was a professor of sociology at the University of Pennsylvania for over three decades. He held the chair of Sociology of American Civilization at the university.
  2. Research Areas: Baltzell’s research focused on social stratification, social class, and the study of elites in American society. He examined the role of social elites and their influence on society and culture.
  3. Books and Publications: Baltzell authored several books on social stratification and elite culture. One of his most notable works is “The Protestant Establishment: Aristocracy and Caste in America,” published in 1964. In this book, he examined the influence of Protestant elites in American society.
  4. The Protestant Ethic: Baltzell’s work often explored the influence of the Protestant ethic on American culture and social life. He argued that certain Protestant values and beliefs played a significant role in shaping the character of American society.
  5. Legacy: E. Digby Baltzell’s work remains influential in the fields of sociology and American studies. His research on elites, social class, and the role of religion in shaping society continues to be cited and discussed by scholars.
  6. Other Interests: In addition to his academic work, Baltzell had a passion for sports and was an accomplished tennis player. He was also an advocate for social justice and progressive causes.

E. Digby Baltzell’s research provided valuable insights into the structure of American society and the role of elites in shaping cultural and social norms. His work on the Protestant establishment and the influence of religious values on American culture contributed to the sociological understanding of the United States’ unique social fabric.

Emily Greene Balch

Emily Greene Balch (1867-1961) was an American economist, sociologist, and peace activist. She was born on January 8, 1867, in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA, and she passed away on January 9, 1961, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Some key points about Emily Greene Balch:

  1. Academic Career: Emily Greene Balch was a distinguished academic and educator. She earned her Bachelor’s degree from Bryn Mawr College in 1889 and later completed her Ph.D. in economics at the University of Chicago in 1896.
  2. Social Work: Balch was actively involved in social work and served as a settlement worker in Chicago and Boston. She was committed to addressing issues of social inequality and improving the conditions of marginalized communities.
  3. Economics and Sociology: Balch was a professor of economics and sociology at Wellesley College from 1896 to 1918. She was respected for her scholarship and teaching in these fields.
  4. Peace Activism: Emily Greene Balch is best known for her lifelong dedication to the peace movement. She became involved in peace activism during World War I and later played a prominent role in the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF).
  5. Nobel Peace Prize: In 1946, Emily Greene Balch was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize along with John Mott for their efforts in promoting peace and working towards international reconciliation.
  6. Opposition to War: Balch was a vocal critic of war and militarism and advocated for nonviolent conflict resolution. She worked tirelessly to promote disarmament and to prevent future conflicts.
  7. Opposition to World War II: During World War II, Balch’s pacifist views led to controversy, and she was dismissed from her teaching position at Wellesley College due to her public opposition to the war.
  8. Legacy: Emily Greene Balch’s legacy continues to inspire peace activists and scholars around the world. Her commitment to social justice and nonviolent solutions to conflicts remains a significant influence in the peace movement.

Emily Greene Balch’s contributions to academia, social work, and the peace movement are celebrated and remembered. Her dedication to promoting peace and addressing social injustices serves as an example of the impact an individual can make in advancing the cause of peace and social change.

Georges Balandier

Georges Balandier was a prominent French anthropologist and sociologist known for his influential contributions to the fields of anthropology, sociology, and African studies. He was born on December 21, 1920, in Aillevillers-et-Lyaumont, France, and passed away on October 5, 2016.

Some key points about Georges Balandier:

  1. Academic Career: Georges Balandier held various academic positions throughout his career. He was a professor at the Sorbonne and served as the director of the Centre for African Studies at the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) in Paris.
  2. Anthropology and Sociology: Balandier was known for his multidisciplinary approach, combining insights from anthropology, sociology, and political science in his research.
  3. Research in Africa: Balandier conducted extensive fieldwork in Africa, particularly in sub-Saharan regions. His research focused on understanding the social and political dynamics of African societies, colonial and postcolonial processes, and the impact of power structures on social life.
  4. Influence on Colonial Studies: Balandier’s work has been influential in the study of colonialism and postcolonialism. He provided valuable insights into the complexities of colonial relationships and the ways in which power and domination shaped African societies.
  5. Key Works: Some of his significant works include “Sociologie Actuelle de l’Afrique Noire,” “Political Anthropology,” “Sens et puissance: Les dynamiques sociales,” and “Le Dédale: Pour en finir avec le XXe siècle.”
  6. Engagement in Social and Political Issues: Balandier was engaged in broader social and political issues, and his scholarship often advocated for social justice and the recognition of the agency of marginalized communities.
  7. Awards: In recognition of his contributions to the social sciences, Georges Balandier received numerous awards and honors throughout his career.

As a leading figure in anthropology and sociology, Georges Balandier’s work continues to influence scholars and researchers in the fields of African studies, colonial and postcolonial studies, and political anthropology. His multidisciplinary approach and dedication to understanding the complexities of societies have left a lasting impact on the study of social dynamics and power structures.

Kenneth D. Bailey

Kenneth D. Bailey is an American sociologist known for his work in the field of sociology, particularly in the areas of urban sociology and race relations. He has focused on understanding the social dynamics of urban neighborhoods and the impact of race and inequality on social life.

Some key points about Kenneth D. Bailey:

  1. Academic Career: Kenneth D. Bailey has held academic positions at various universities. He has been a faculty member at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and the University of California, Berkeley.
  2. Research Areas: Bailey’s research interests center on urban sociology, race and ethnicity, and social inequality. He has conducted extensive research on the social processes shaping urban neighborhoods, with a particular focus on African American communities.
  3. Books and Publications: Kenneth D. Bailey has authored books and academic papers that contribute to the understanding of urban life and race relations in the United States. Some of his notable works include “The Black Churches of Brooklyn” and “Race and the Politics of Deception: The Making of an American City.”
  4. Community Engagement: Bailey’s research often involves engaging with the communities he studies. He strives to give voice to marginalized communities and understand their lived experiences.
  5. Impact on Sociology: Bailey’s work has contributed to the field of sociology, especially in shedding light on the complexities of urban neighborhoods and the social implications of racial inequalities.
  6. Social Justice: Bailey’s research often highlights the importance of social justice and the need for addressing systemic inequalities in urban settings.

As an American sociologist, Kenneth D. Bailey’s research has enriched our understanding of urban life, race relations, and social inequality. His work contributes to the broader sociological discourse on the complexities of urban neighborhoods and the experiences of marginalized communities.

Sergio Bagú

Sergio Bagú was an Argentine economist, environmentalist, and author. He was born on August 13, 1927, in Argentina, and he passed away on October 1, 2019.

Some key points about Sergio Bagú:

  1. Economic Contributions: Sergio Bagú was a prominent economist known for his contributions to development economics, particularly in the context of Latin America. He focused on issues related to economic growth, social justice, and sustainable development.
  2. Environmental Activism: Bagú was also a passionate environmentalist and played an active role in advocating for sustainable development and conservation of natural resources in Latin America.
  3. Writing and Publications: Sergio Bagú authored numerous books and articles on economic and environmental topics. Some of his notable works include “The Economic Development of Latin America since Independence,” “Ecological Economics: Energy, Environment, and Society,” and “The World Food Problem: Tackling the Causes of Undernutrition in the Third World.”
  4. Academic Career: Bagú held academic positions at various universities and research institutions, including the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC).
  5. Regional Integration: Sergio Bagú was an advocate for regional integration in Latin America. He believed that stronger cooperation and integration among countries in the region could lead to improved economic and social development.
  6. Influence and Legacy: Sergio Bagú’s work and ideas have had a lasting impact on the fields of development economics and environmental studies in Latin America and beyond. His emphasis on sustainable development and social justice continues to be relevant in the ongoing discussions about economic and environmental challenges.

Sergio Bagú’s contributions to economics and environmentalism have left a mark on both academic discourse and policy discussions in Latin America. His multidisciplinary approach to economic and environmental issues reflects the interconnectedness of these topics and their importance in promoting sustainable and equitable development.